the times of india.

Times of india.

The partition of India (Hindi-Urdu: हिन्दुस्तान का बटवारा (Devanagari) ہندوستان کا بٹوارا (Nastaleeq) Hindustān ka Batwārā)^[1] was the partition of British India on the basis of religious demographics. This led to the creation of the sovereign states of the Dominion of Pakistan (later the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the People's Republic of Bangladesh) and the Union of India (later Republic of India) which took place in 1947, on 14 and 15 August, respectively.

The partition of India was set forth in the Indian Independence Act 1947 and resulted in the dissolution of the Indian Empire and the end of theBritish Raj. It resulted in a struggle between the new states of India and Pakistan and displaced up to 12.5 million people in the former British Indian Empire, with estimates of loss of life varying from several hundred thousand to a million (most estimates of the numbers of people who crossed the boundaries between India and Pakistan in 1947 range between 10 and 12 million).^[2] The violent nature of the partition created an atmosphere of mutual hostility and suspicion between India and Pakistan that plagues their relationship to this day.

The partition included the geographical division of the Bengal province of British India into East Bengal, which became part of the Dominion of Pakistan (from 1956, East Pakistan). West Bengal became part of India, and a similar partition of the Punjab province became West Punjab (later the Pakistani Punjab and Islamabad Capital Territory) and East Punjab (later the Indian Punjab, as well as Haryana and Himachal Pradesh). The partition agreement also included the division of Indian government assets, including the Indian Civil Service, the Indian Army, the Royal Indian Navy, the Indian railways and the central treasury, and other administrative services.

In the aftermath of the partition, the princely states of India, that had been left alone by the Indian Independence Act 1947 to choose whether to accede to India or to Pakistan or to remain outside them,^[3] were all incorporated into one or another of the new dominions, whether voluntarily or by force, in all cases by the ruler signing an instrument of accession. The choice between India and Pakistan made by the ruler of Jammu and Kashmir led to the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 some two months after the partition and they became disputed territory. Other wars and conflicts between India and Pakistan have continued since then.^[4] As a result of the Bangladesh Liberation War and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, East Pakistan became the independent state of Bangladesh in 1971.

1909 Provinces and Princely states of British India

 

1909 Prevailing majority Religions for different districts, Map of British Indian Empire.

 

1909 Percentage of Hindus.

 

1909 Percentage of Muslims.

 

1909 Percentage of Sikhs, Buddhists, and Jains.

                     

1909 Prevailing (Aryan) Languages (Northern Region).

                   

1. In 1971, Bangladesh Liberation War and the subsequent Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 which led to further partition of Pakistan.

1901 Population Density.

                                                                      

                  

Jammu & Kashmir

The Princely state of Kashmir and Jammu had a majority Muslim population; Muslims were 80 percent of the whole state. The Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir acceded to India at the outbreak of violence. This Kashmir conflict led to the 1947 war between India and Pakistan in that region.

[edit]Hyderabad

The Hyderabad State had a majority Hindu population; the Nizam wanted to accede to Pakistan or if that was not possible remain independent. However such a decision was unacceptable to India, so in 1948 Indian Armed Forces engaged those of the State of Hyderabad and ended the rule of Nizam, annexing the state into the Indian Union.

[edit]Junagadh

Nawab Mohammad Mahabat Khanji III of Junagadh, a princely state located on the south-western end of India chose to accede to Pakistan. India asserted that Junagadh was not contiguous to Pakistan and refused to accept the Nawab's choice of accession to Pakistan. Nawab argued that Junagadh could access Pakistan by sea. India cut off supplies of fuel and coal to Junagadh, severed air and postal links, sent troops to the frontier, and occupied the principalities of Mangrol and Babariawad that had acceded to India. Pakistan agreed to discuss a plebiscite, subject to the withdrawal of Indian troops, a condition India rejected and occupied rest of Junagadh by 9 Nov 1947. The Nawab and his family fled to Pakistan and appealed United Nations, where case is still pending.                                                                                                                              

 

Restoration of women

Both sides promised each other that they would try to restore women abducted during the riots. The Indian government claimed that 33,000 Hindu and Sikh women were abducted, and the Pakistani government claimed that 50,000 Muslim women were abducted during riots. By 1949, there were governmental claims that 12,000 women had been recovered in India and 6,000 in Pakistan.^[27] By 1954 there were 20,728 recovered Muslim women and 9032 Hindu and Sikh women recovered from Pakistan.^[28] Many of the Muslim women refused to go back to Pakistan fearing that they would never be accepted by their family; similarly, the families of many Hindu and Sikh women refused to take back their relatives.^[29]

[edit]India and Pakistan

Main article: Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts

Since Partition, with the riots and killings between the two religious communities, India and Pakistan have struggled to maintain normal relations. One of the biggest debates occurs over the disputed region of Kashmir, over which there have been three wars, and the reasons for the wars have related only to the confusion over partition. There have been four Indo-Pakistani wars:

• Indo-Pakistani War of 1947: Pakistani backed tribals-army i.e. Khyber Rifles and troops invaded the princely state of Kashmir by the request of its people, which had just acceded to India by the decision of its ruler, Hari Singh, despite the fact it had a Muslim majority who wanted to join Pakistan. The United Nations established a stalemate and asked for fresh Referendum which was halted by Indian Government still yet.

• Indo-Pakistani War of 1965: Pakistani-backed guerrillas invaded Indian administered Kashmir. India is generally believed to have had the upper hand when a ceasefire was called. Whereas Pakistan believed its air-superiority over army and navy against India in the war to be key achievement and future success if war continued.^[30]

• Indo-Pakistani War of 1971: After India announced support for the Bengalis in East Pakistan, Pakistan launched air strikes against India. India eventually captured 13,000 square kilometres of Pakistan's territory (which it later returned on the condition that Bangladesh is created). East Pakistan was partitioned from West Pakistan through the creation of Bangladesh.

• 1999 Kargil Conflict: Pakistani troops and militants invaded Indian administered Kashmir during the winter when high mountain posts were unoccupied. India recaptured all territory lost.^[31]

India and Pakistan have also engaged in a nuclear arms race which has in recent times threatened to erupt into nuclear war.

The British-Tibetan border, winding as it did through the Himalayas, had never been definitively surveyed or marked. India, as the inheritor of a long stretch of the British borders, and the People's Republic of China, which invaded Tibet, eventually clashed, leading to the 1962 Sino-Indian War.

[edit]Treatment of minorities by Pakistan and India

Further information: Hinduism in Pakistan and 2006 Lahore temple demolition

Further information: Persecution of Muslims#Communal violence in India and 2002 Gujarat violence

1971 newsreel film about the partition and its aftermath

Before independence, Hindus and Sikhs had formed 20 per cent of the population of the areas now forming Pakistan, presently the percentage has "whittled down to one-and-a half percent".^[32]:66 Mahommedali Chagla, in a speech at the UN General Assembly said that, Pakistan solved its minority problem by the ethnic cleansing of the Hindus, resulting in "hardly any" Hindu minority population in West Pakistan.^[33] India suspected Pakistan of ethnic cleansing when millions of Hindus fled its province of East Pakistan in 1971.^[34] Hindus remaining in Pakistan have been persecuted.^[35][36]Yasmin Saikia writes that "although a large number of Muslims migrated to Pakistan in 1947, the bulk of the Muslim population stayed in their homelands in India".^[37] According to Azim A. Khan Sherwani, the Hashimpura massacre case is "a chilling reminder of the apathy of the (Indian) state towards access to justice for Muslims", he writes that the case demonstrates that it is not just the Hindutva lobby, but also the Congress-Left and the socialists that are apathetic, and that Muslim "leaders" are more concerned with their personal ambitions and not with "issues afflicting the community".^[38] In Pakistan, Hindus sometimes resent the alleged discrimination and forced conversion to Islam.^[39][40]

Integration of refugee populations with their new countries did not always go smoothly. Some Urdu speaking Muslims (Muhajirs)who migrated to Pakistan have complained that they are discriminated against in government employment. Municipal political conflict in Karachi, Pakistan's largest city, often pitted native Sindhis against immigrants. Sindhi, Bengali, and Punjabi refugees in India also experienced poverty as they largely came empty handed. However, 50 years after Partition, almost all ex-refugees have managed to rebuild their lives.

All of the three nations resulting from the Partition of India have had to deal with endemic civil conflicts. Inside India, these have been largely due to inter-religious unrest and disruptive far left forces. Civil unrest inside India includes:

• Civil conflict in the Seven Sister States of northeastern India
• Naxalite unrest in Andhra Pradesh, Orissa (India).
• The Sikh separatist movement of the 1980s which has since become almost nonexistent.^[41]
• Islamist separatist movement in Jammu & Kashmir resulting in the ethnic cleansing^{[42][43][44][45][46][47]} of Kashmiri Hindus and massacres against Hindus such as the ones in Wandhama andKaluchak. It has been found with enough evidence that the Pakistani government and its intermediaries have tacitly backed and armed these militants^[48][49][50]

The last example of unrest, the terrorism in Kashmir, is related to the ongoing Kashmir conflict and relates to the both India and Pakistan.

Within Pakistan, unrest is mainly because of ethnicities, with Sindhis, Bengalis, Balochis, all vying for more representation within Pakistan and in some cases, the creation of an independent state.

Aftermath

Current religious demographics of India proper and former East and West Pakistan

Despite the huge migrations during and after Partition, India is still home to the third largest Muslim population in the world (after Indonesia and Pakistan). The current estimates for India (seeDemographics of India) are as shown below. Islamic Pakistan, the former West Pakistan, by contrast, has a much smaller minority population. Its religious distribution is below (seeDemographics of Pakistan). As for Bangladesh, the former East Pakistan, the non-Muslim share is somewhat larger (see Demographics of Bangladesh):

India (2006 Est. 1,095 million vs. 1951 Census 361 million)

• 80.5% Hindus (839 million)
• 13.10% Muslims (143 million)
• 2.31% Christians (25 million)
• 2.00% Sikhs (21 million)
• 1.94% Buddhists, Jains, Parsis and others (20 million)

Pakistan (2005 Est. 162 million vs. 1951 Census 34 million)

• 98.0% Muslims (159 million)
• 1.0% Christians (1.62 million)
• 1.0% Hindus, Sikhs and others (1.62 million)

Bangladesh (2005 Est. 144 million vs. 1951 Census 42 million)

• 86% Muslims (124 million)
• 13% Hindus (18 million)
• 1% Christians, Buddhists and Animists (1.44 million)

Both nations have to a great extent assimilated the refugees.

• 

  An aged and abandoned Muslim couple and their grand children sitting by the roadside on this arduous journey. "The old man is dying of exhaustion. The caravan has gone on," wrote Bourke-White.
 
• 

  Two Muslim men (in a rural refugee train headed towards Pakistan) carrying an old woman in a makeshift doli or palanquin. 1947.
 
• 

  "With the tragic legacy of an uncertain future, a young refugee sits on the walls of Purana Qila, transformed into a vast refugee camp in Delhi." Margaret Bourke-White, 1947.
 
• 

  A refugee train on its way to Punjab, Pakistan.
 
• 

  Train to Pakistan steaming out of New Delhi Railway Station, 1947.

Hockey game.

Hockey is a family of sports in which two teams play against each other by trying to maneuver a ball or a puck into the opponent's goal using a hockey stick. In many areas, one sport (typically field hockey or ice hockey^[1]) is generally referred to simply as hockey.

Starting and Restarting games

To start play a pass will be taken from the decided team from the centre of the field. It may be pushed of hit to a player in their own half. All opponents must be 5 metres from the ball. If the ball goes over the side line the team which did not hit it over the side line will take the ball and restart play by passing it to a player. Then when the ball goes over the back line the defending team will take a hit 16 yards from the back line.

Games played with curved sticks and a ball can be found in the histories of many cultures. In Egypt, 4000-year-old carvings feature teams with sticks and a projectile, hurling dates to before 1272 BC in Ireland, and there is a depiction from c.600 BC in Ancient Greece where the game may have been called kerētízein or kerhtízein (κερητίζειν) because it was played with a horn or horn-like stick(kéras, κέρας)^[4] In Inner Mongolia, China, the Daur people have been playing beikou, a game similar to modern field hockey, for about 1,000 years.^[5]

Most evidence of hockey-like games during the Middle Ages is found in legislation concerning sports and games. Similar to Edward's proclamation was the Galway Statute enacted in Ireland in 1527, which banned certain types of ball games, including hockey.

Ice hockey is a team sport played on ice, in which skaters use wooden or composite sticks to shoot a hard rubber puck into their opponent's net. In regions where it is popular, the game is often referred to simply as hockey. The game is played between two teams with six players on the ice. A team usually consists of four lines of three forwards, three pairs of defencemen and two goalies. Five members of each team skate up and down the ice trying to take the puck and score a goal against the opposing team. Each team has agoaltender who tries to stop the puck from going into the goal or "net.

The field should be rectangular and 91.4 meters long and 55.0 meters wide. It should be clearly marked with white lines.

All lines should be 7.5 cm wide. The longer, 91.4 metre lines are called side lines. The shorter 55 metre lines are called back lines. Goal lines are between the back line and the goal-post. Minimum run off areas should be provided outside the back lines and the side lines.

There is a Centrex line across the field and there are two other lines each 22.90 metres away from the centre line. This forms four even quarters.

Protruding from each back lines is a semicircle, sometimes referred to as the ‘D’ or the circle. These are the shooting circles and a goal cannot be scored unless the shot came from within the circle.

Field hockey is played on gravel, natural grass, sand-based or water-based artificial turf, with a small, hard ball. The game is popular among both males and females in many parts of the world, particularly in Europe, Asia, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. In most countries, the game is played between single-sex sides, although they can be mixed-sex.

The Ball The ball should be spherical, weigh between 156-163 grammes. Its circumference should be 22.4- 23.5 cm. It should be white or any other agreed colour and should be smooth but seem or indentations are permitted. Duration of play In junior hockey games will be 20 minutes each half, in intermediate and secondary hockey halves are 25-30 minutes each way. In international matches each half is 35 minutes long. Scoring a goal To score a goal the ball must be in between the posts, and completely over the line and under the crossbar. It also must be struck by an attacker inside the semicircle. Conduct of play You shall not hit the ball intentionally with the back of the stick, use any body part, play the ball with your stick over shoulder height. You shan't raise the ball dangerously or injure another player or the umpire. You can’t waste time. You can not obstruct the opposition with your stick our body. Sticks Sticks should be flat on one side and curved on the other. Only the flat side may be used during the course of a game. It cannot weigh more than 737 grammes. Ice hockey is a full contact sport and carries a high risk of injury.[30] Not only are the players moving at around 20–30 miles an hour (around 30 – 45 km/h), quite a bit of the game revolves around the physical contact between the players. Skate blades, hockey sticks, shoulders, hips, and hockey pucks all contribute. The number of injuries is quite high[citation needed] and includes lacerations, concussions, contusions, ligament tears, broken bones, hyperextensions, and muscle strains.

Basketball game.

stating in Basketball game.

 History of basketball

Basketball is a team sport, the objective being to shoot a ball through a basket horizontally positioned to score points while following a set of rules. Usually, two teams of five players play on a marked rectangular court with a basket at each width end. Basketball is one of the world's most popular and widely viewed sports

In early December 1891, Canadian American Dr. James Naismith,^[2] a physical education professor and instructor at the International Young Men's Christian Association Training School^[3] (YMCA) (today, Springfield College) in Springfield, Massachusetts, USA), was trying to keep his gym class active on a rainy day. He sought a vigorous indoor game to keep his students occupied and at proper levels of fitness during the long New England winters. After rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot (3.05 m) elevated track. In contrast with modern basketball nets, this peach basket retained its bottom, and balls had to be retrieved manually after each "basket" or point scored; this proved inefficient, however, so the bottom of the basket was removed,^[4] allowing the balls to be poked out with a long doweleach time.

Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball. The first balls made specifically for basketball were brown, and it was only in the late 1950s that Tony Hinkle, searching for a ball that would be more visible to players and spectators alike, introduced the orange ball that is now in common use. Dribbling was not part of the original game except for the "bounce pass" to teammates. Passing the ball was the primary means of ball movement. Dribbling was eventually introduced but limited by the asymmetric shape of early balls. Dribbling only became a major part of the game around the 1950s, as manufacturing improved the ball shape.

The peach baskets were used until 1906 when they were finally replaced by metal hoops with backboards. A further change was soon made, so the ball merely passed through. Whenever a person got the ball in the basket, his team would gain a point. Whichever team got the most points won the game.^[5]The baskets were originally nailed to the mezzanine balcony of the playing court, but this proved impractical when spectators on the balcony began to interfere with shots. The backboard was introduced to prevent this interference; it had the additional effect of allowing rebound shots.^[6] Naismith's handwritten diaries, discovered by his granddaughter in early 2006, indicate that he was nervous about the new game he had invented, which incorporated rules from a children's game called "Duck on a Rock", as many had failed before it. Naismith called the new game "Basket Ball".^[7] The first official game was played in the YMCA gymnasium in Albany, New York on January 20, 1892 with nine players. The game ended at 1–0; the shot was made from 25 feet (7.6 m), on a court just half the size of a present-day Streetball or National Basketball Association (NBA) court. By 1897–1898 teams of five became standard.

With the NCAA basketball season due to start in October, everyone is looking forward to finding out how there college is getting on and how their games are going. What better way than following the action and tuning in to listen to live NCAA basketball on the radio.

There are many radio stations that will bring you the games as they happen and you will find that you will probably have a choice if you decide that you would like to keep informed and listen to live NCAA basketball. With internet access being so readily available now, you can easily search for a radio station that is featuring the game that you want to hear and some will even be able to give you coverage via your computer.

Some colleges have their own radio station and you will find that it is easy to listen to live NCAA basketball brought to you by your own college radio. If they do have a station then it will guarantee that you will never have to search around to find a local station that is featuring the game. If, however, your college does not have a station, then you will find that you can usually get coverage via Yahoo Sports. Here they have a huge selection of games that they will cover as they happen. All you have to do is go to Yahoo Sports and choose which one you want to hear.

Many local radio stations will also feature coverage of the games and if you log on to their websites you will probably find that they have a schedule and, during the season, will give a list of when the games are and which ones you can tune in to. Not only can you listen to live NCAA basketball, but often they will cover football and hockey too. Sirius.com is another website that offers a comprehensive college sports coverage service and here you will be able to listen to all the college games. Not only do they cover nearly all the games in the NCAA basketball schedule, but they also have some interesting programs with discussions regarding the games and interviews with coaches. With packages such as Sirius, you can choose whether to subscribe to satellite radio in your car, at home or online. Once you have subscribed and been connected, you will have a huge range of college sports to listen to whenever you wish, as well as all the other programs which are available. These include music and chat shows as well as current affairs programs.

With college basketball being one of the most popular sports in America, you will find that it is easy to listen to live NCAA basketball and you will have no excuse for not following your college as they head for March Madness.

Robert Grazian is an accomplished niche website developer and author. To learn more about college sports [http://bestcollegesports.info/listen-to-live-ncaa-basketball] visit Best College Sports [http://bestcollegesports.info] for current articles and discussions.

Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/1492001.

The only essential equipment in a basketball game is the ball and the court: a flat, rectangular surface with baskets at opposite ends. Competitive levels require the use of more equipment such as clocks, score sheets, scoreboard(s), alternating possession arrows, and whistle-operated stop-clock systems.

An outdoor basketball net.

A regulation basketball court in international games is 91.9 feet long and 49.2 feet wide. In the NBA and NCAA the court is 94 feet by 50 feet. Most courts havewood flooring, usually constructed from maple planks running in the same direction as the longer court dimension.^[38] The name and logo of the home team is usually painted on or around the center circle.

The basket is a steel rim 18 inches diameter with an attached net affixed to a backboard that measures 6 feet by 3.5 feet and one basket is at each end of the court. The white outlined box on the backboard is 18 inches high and 2 feet wide. At almost all levels of competition, the top of the rim is exactly 10 feet above the court and 4 feet inside the baseline. While variation is possible in the dimensions of the court and backboard, it is considered important for the basket to be of the correct height – a rim that is off by just a few inches can have an adverse effect on shooting.

The size of the basketball is also regulated. For men, the official ball is 29.5 inches in circumference (size 7, or a "295 ball") and weighs 22 oz. If women are playing, the official basketball size is 28.5 inches in circumference (size 6, or a "285 ball") with a weight of 20 oz.Here they are! The brand new Carmelo Anthony signature sneaker we all have been waiting for was unveiled today. There is now officially a new pair of Jordans waiting to be copped. And we won't have to wait very long. The new Melo M8 is scheduled to drop on October 12th, 2011. Carmelo's eighth signature sneaker brings a fresh start to his career. This will be the first new signature sneaker he laces up with the New York Knicks. Traded on February 22, 2011 from the Denver Nuggets to the Knicks with Chauncey Billups, Melo now has the talent around him to make a run at the NBA Finals Championship. And, of course, he will have plenty of colorways of the Melo M8 to rock on his quest to be a champion for the first time.

The Melo M8, like the Melo M7 Advance, features Nike Flywire technology on the shoe's upper. Carmelo has always wanted lightweight stability in a shoe and there is no better technology to provide those qualities in a shoe than Flywire. There is plenty of cushioning in the shoe to complement the upper. Both Nike Zoom Air and Max Air are used in the midsole. Exposed Zoom Air contained in a TPU chasis is used in the forefoot while a Max Air unit has been placed in the heel. There is a new Melo Sheild that is used to complete the shoe. The shield was created by Melo and is a tribute to his family and New York City heritage.

What would any high profile signauture sneaker be without a multitude of sick colorways? Boring. That's what. But fear not, the new Melo M8 will definitely not be boring. Already, pictures of 5 different colorways of the shoe have been spotted. So far we have seen two Knick colorways, a home and away. Both shoes use patent leather, one has a white upper, the other a black upper. In addition, Cool Grey, Black, and White/Black/Red colorways are already slated for release in the next couple of months. The home and away Knicks colorways are sure to be a hit and release October 12. The Cool Grey colorway will drop sometime in November. Of course, these are just the initial colorways, there are sure to be more.

This week has been a very good week for sneakerheads. Several of the some high profile Jordan shoes for basketball have been unveiled. The new Melo M8 is one of those Jordan signature sneakers that was unveiled. And it was unveiled is some pretty sick colorways. This is a shoe that can definitely not be called boring.

Unusually, for team sports, it is known exactly who invented basketball and exactly when it was invented. It is more usual for such a sport to have just evolved and have no clear starting point and no name for an actual inventor of the game.

It was a Mr James A Naismith who invented basketball. He was born on November 6th 1861 and died on November 28th 1939. He was born a Canadian near Ontario in the Ramsay township. His parents were Scottish immigrants who had crossed the Atlantic in around 1851. His father, John, was involved in the mining industry. As a youngster, James was always athletic and was a great gymnast. He also played football for McGill University where he was studying physical education. After gaining a BA in the subject, James attended the Presbyterian College in Montreal and went on to gain a Diploma.

After his studies, James Naismith started working as a teacher at the YMCA in Springfield, Massachusetts. It was whilst he was here that he was asked to come up with a game for the students that could be played indoors. He had various stipulations to work to regarding the size of the room and the number of people etc. He remembered playing a game by the name of "duck on a rock" as a child and decided to implement some of the ideas into his new game. The game involved two teams with nine players in each team, a ball and two peach baskets - one nailed to each end of the gymnasium. The principle was simple; you had to pass the ball to your team members and then score a goal by throwing it into the peach basket. The game was an instant success and the name of James Naismith has gone down in history as the man who invented basketball.

Before widespread school district consolidation, most American high schools were far smaller than their present-day counterparts. During the first decades of the 20th century, basketball quickly became the ideal interscholastic sport due to its modest equipment and personnel requirements. In the days before widespread television coverage of professional and college sports, the popularity of high school basketball was unrivaled in many parts of America. Perhaps the most legendary of high school teams was Indiana's Franklin Wonder Five, which took the nation by storm during the 1920s, dominating Indiana basketball and earning national recognition.

Today virtually every high school in the United States fields a basketball team in varsity competition.^[12] Basketball's popularity remains high, both in rural areas where they carry the identification of the entire community, as well as at some larger schools known for their basketball teams where many players go on to participate at higher levels of competition after graduation. In the 2003–04 season, 1,002,797 boys and girls represented their schools in interscholastic basketball competition, according to the National Federation of State High School Associations. The states of Illinois, Indiana and Kentucky are particularly well known for their residents' devotion to high school basketball, commonly called Hoosier Hysteria in Indiana; the critically acclaimed film Hoosiers shows high school basketball's depth of meaning to these communities.

There is currently no national tournament to determine a national high school champion. The most serious effort was the National Interscholastic Basketball Tournament at the University of Chicago from 1917 to 1930. The event organized by Amos Alonzo Stagg and sent invitations to state champion teams. The tournament started out as a mostly Midwest affair but grew. In 1929 it had 29 state champions. Faced with opposition from the National Federation of State High School Associations and North Central Association of Colleges and Schools that bore a threat of the schools losing their accreditation the last tournament was in 1930. The organizations said they were concerned that the tournament was being used to recruit professional players from the prep ranks.^[13] The tournament did not invite minority schools or private/parochial schools.

The National Catholic Interscholastic Basketball Tournament ran from 1924 to 1941 at Loyola University.^[14] The National Catholic Invitational Basketball Tournament from 1954 to 1978 played at a series of venues, including Catholic University, Georgetown and George Mason.^[15] The National Interscholastic Basketball Tournament for Black High Schools was held from 1929 to 1942 atHampton Institute.^[16] The National Invitational Interscholastic Basketball Tournament was held from 1941 to 1967 starting out at Tuskegee Institute. Following a pause during World War II it resumed at Tennessee State College in Nashville. The basis for the champion dwindled after 1954 when Brown v. Board of Education began an integration of schools. The last tournaments were held at Alabama State College from 1964 to 1967.