Monday, 16 July 2012

World Football: Predicting the Top 10 Players in the World in 2012

110932186_crop_650x4401. Neymar

136632727_display_imageWhat, you were expecting someone else?
At only 20 years old, Neymar is already one of the most recognizable names in world football, and his dazzling displays for both club and country have left Europe’s biggest clubs drooling over the prospect of adding him to their squad.
Blessed with lightning-quick feet, equally impressive speed and skill on the ball, and a keen eye for goal, the Santos star has already become the focal point of the Selecao attack, for whom he has scored nine goals in only 18 appearances.
There are those who believe the young superstar will fold under the pressure of a massive transfer to one of Europe’s premier clubs, while others have pointed at his slight figure and lack of physical strength as something that might hold him back should he leave his homeland.
Obviously, I am not one of those people. Call it hype if you please, but it is hard to ignore just how incredibly Neymar has performed for his club at such a young age.
At some point in the near future, the Brazilian sensation will make his highly-anticipated move to European football. All of the world's biggest clubs have been lining up, hoping to be the one to lure the 20-year-old away from Santos, and it won’t be until that time that we find out who comes out on top in this argument.
That moved seems destined to happen in the most recent January transfer market, as it was reported that the attacker had been signed by Real Madrid for a whopping £53 million. Ultimately, those rumors proved to be untrue, as Neymar signed a lucrative contact extension with his current club only days later.
Yet, it still seems unlikely that he will end up anywhere other than Real Madrid or their great rivals Barcelona.
86 goals in 161 games for Santos (according to ESPN) speaks for itself. Most attacking players in the world would gladly those numbers in a heartbeat.
His haircut may be the worst of all the players on this list, but don’t let that fool you. Neymar da Silva Santos JĂșnior could very easily develop into the best footballer on the planet by the end of the decade, if we even have to wait that long. 

 2. Mario Gotze

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Mesut Ozil, Toni Kroos, Marco Reus, Thomas Muller and Andre Schurrle.
Each of those players are being heralded as key components of what promises to be a brilliant German attack for many years to come. But none of them have the potential of Borussia Dortmund attacking midfielder Mario Gotze.
Having just turned 20 years old this Sunday, the baby-faced star is one of the most sought-after players in the world today, which is why manager Jurgen Klopp must have breathed a huge sigh of relief when Gotze recently agreed to sign a contact extension with the German champions until 2016.
A central attacking midfielder who also has the ability to play in wider areas (although his best position is in the hole behind the striker), the youngster has a knack for producing the killer pass, and will also pop up and find the net on occasion.
His willingness to run at defenders and put them on the back foot is one of his greatest assets, and he has been tipped by many to become one of the best players on the planet in years to come. Much of that praise has come from inside the German camp, including the technical director of Die Mannschaft Matthias Sammer, who has hailed him as "one of the best talents that we've ever had."
Having played a key role in leading Borussia Dortmund to last season’s Bundesliga title, the German playmaker was forced to watch much of this season from the sideline, thanks to a hip injury he sustained in January.
It was an unfortunate turn of events after Gotze had started the season in great form, recording five goals and five assists in the first 14 games for the club.
But even his extended injury lay-off could not cool speculation regarding his future, as possible suitors were said to be lining up for the native of Memmingen, Germany. Even the typically frugal Arsene Wenger was reported to be considering a £35 million offerfor the young star.
When you can get Le Professeur to offer that kind of money for your services, you must be doing something right.
Don’t be surprised if Gotze eventually turns out to be the very best player on this list in eight years’ time.

3. Eden Hazard

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After toying with the football world (more specifically the big boys of the English Premier League) for months, Eden Hazard finally put an end to all of the speculation by securing a £32 million transfer to Champions League holders Chelsea last week.
While it was expected that Hazard would end up plying his trade in Manchester this season, it was Roman Abramovich and the Blues that ultimately managed to secure his signature; a move that could bring success to Stamford Bridge for many years to come.
Hazard has all of the necessary tools to become one of the best footballers in the world. The Belgian sensation is a versatile player who can play out wide as well as behind the two strikers, and his silky smooth dribbling skills are complemented by blistering pace that makes him a nightmare for defenders.
The two-time winner of the Ligue 1 Young Player of the Year award led Lille to an impressive third-place finish this season, scoring 20 goals and adding 16 assists along the way.
Those numbers made him one of only two players in the major European leagues to reach 15 in both categories this season.
The other? Lionel Messi.
That feat is all the more impressive when you consider that Lille lost integral members of its 2010-11 title winning team in Yohan Cabaye, Gervinho and Moussa Sow this season, leaving Hazard to do much of the work on his own.
Now before you take to your keyboards in rage, I am not suggesting that Hazard is of the same quality as the Argentine superstar. In fact, it is likely that he will never reach those heights.
But if Zinedine Zidane—one of the greatest players in the history of the game—says that he would sign Hazard “with [his] eyes closed”, then there can be little doubting his quality.

4. Thiago Alcantara

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Barcelona’s youth academy is renowned for developing some of the most technically gifted players that fans have ever seen. The list is as long as it is impressive, and Thiago Alcantara may yet become the best of them all.
While the presence of world-class talents like Cesc Fabregas, Xavi and Andres Iniesta may hurt his chances of playing legitimate minutes at this moment in time, it can only help the Spanish international in the long run.
After all, is there a better place to study the ins-and-outs of playing in the midfield than at the Camp Nou? If there is, I haven’t found it yet.
Thiago will be able to watch and learn from some of the greatest players this generation has ever seen, and that can only help his development—which many expect to end up with him being among the best midfielders in the world.
Already possessing a wide range of passing and a proven ability to score spectacular goals, it is hard to think the diminutive Spaniard will not improve as the decade progresses.
With a £90 million buy-out clause in his contract, Barcelona certainly believes in the 20-year-old’s ability to become a world-class player.
He received another strong vote of confidence from Luis Milla, who coached Spain to the Under-21 European Championship title last summer, where Thiago played a starring role.
Said the manager before the start of that tournament (via Goal.com):
 “You have to take major steps to become a good player in the level of Xavi or Cesc," Milla told Mundo Deportivo. “He clearly has [the] conditions to achieve it, but it's more important to have [a] good mentality. I think he has. We need the humility that they have had to reach the top. And above all [to be] ambitious.”
When the European Championships roll around in 2020, don’t be surprised if Thiago Alcantara is the man leading Spain, much the same way his Barcelona teammates will be when the 2012 edition of the tournament kicks off later this week.

5. Christian Eriksen

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Christian Eriksen introduced himself to football fans everywhere at the 2010 World Cup in South Africa, showing everyone why he is held in such high esteem not only at Ajax, but by some of the biggest European clubs around.
As the youngest player in the tournament, Eriksen managed to participate in two matches, against the Netherlands and Japan, respectively. Since that time, the 20-year-old midfielder has seen his stock rise exponentially, and has used that experience as the springboard for what looks destined to be a long, successful career.
With seven goals and 17 assists to his name this past season, the native of Middelfart, Denmark was a crucial part of an Ajax side that ultimately captured yet another league title.
In typical Ajax fashion, Eriksen has developed into a player who is great with the ball at his feet, and has shown an ability to glide beyond defenders with ease during his time in the Eredivisie.
Those skills have already caught the eyes of some of the most revered minds in the game, including legendary Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson.
After Ajax fell to 2-0 to the Red Devils in Europa League action earlier this year, Ferguson was full of praise for the Danish playmaker:
“He's a good player—a typical Ajax player who is good on the ball—but we already knew that,” he told TV3+ after the game. “We have many young players at the club, but we are always looking for talent. It's impossible to predict.”
Despite his age, Eriksen will be counted upon to provide the spark for a Danish side that is largely expected to struggle after being drawn into the ‘Group of Death’ at the European Championships.
Being forced to take on the Netherlands, Portugal and Germany may prove too much for the young star, but if he can somehow lead his country to the knockout stages, Eriksen could be the name on the lips of football fans everywhere once the tournament comes to an end.

6. Lucas Moura

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He may not have the high profile of his fellow Brazilian star (who we'll get to shortly), but Lucas Moura definitely has the potential to be just as good, if not better than anybody on this list.
The diminutive midfielder is still only 19 years old, but he has already established himself as one of the key pieces of the Brazilian national team, appearing 14 times for the Selecao to date. Expect that number to grow as the 2014 World Cup continues to approach, where Lucas will be looking to make a big impression on the world stage.
The attacking midfielder has been one of the standout performers during his time at Sao Paulo, and that has garnered interest from many of the big clubs across the pond in Europe.
Inter were said to be interested in signing the Sao Paulo native last year, but it seems that Jose Mourinho and Real Madrid are now in pole position to capture the highly-rated attacker.
Lucas has been quoted as saying that his representatives are in talks with the Spanish club, but admitted that nothing has been finalized quite yet.
"They are one of the biggest clubs in the world," Lucas told TV Globo's 'Esporte Espetacular'. "But for now I am thinking only of Sao Paulo. My father went to Spain with my agent, who met the top directors, probably even Florentino Perez. There were some talks, but nothing official."
If Madrid are able to land the Brazilian, they will be adding a dynamic midfielder who can both score and create goals. Given a chance to flourish alongside some of the best players in the world at the Santiago Bernabeu, Lucas could very well become the best player on this list in the not-too-distant future.

7. Jack Wilshere

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Among the exciting young talents in the world today, Jack Wilshere has become somewhat of a forgotten figure.
Missing an entire season due to a fractured ankle (along with minor knee surgery) will do that to you, especially when your fellow youngsters continue to gain prominence with each passing week.
But that shouldn’t take anything away from the England international, who has already shown glimpses of becoming a world-class player—most notably against Barcelona in the first leg of the most recent Champions League meeting between the two sides.
In that match, the England international was composed and confident on the ball, and did extremely well against the vaunted Barcelona midfield. In fact, the 20-year-old completed 93.5% of his passes at the Emirates that night, a number surpassed only by Xavi and Iniesta in that match.
Granted, he may never fully recover from the injury that saw him miss the entire 2011-12 Premier League campaign. But if he does, Wilshere has all of the tools to become one of the best central midfielders in the world.
If Arsenal has any hope of ending its trophy drought, Wilshere will need to develop into the world-class midfielder that many expect him to be. On top of that, he will actually need to stay in London, as opposed to going the way of former teammates Cesc Fabregas and Samir Nasri.
In addition to his impact at club level, Wilshere has been heralded as the next great hope for the Three Lions as well. Former England manager Fabio Capello certainly did the youngster no favors in terms of managing expectations with these commentswhile he was still at the helm of the squad:
"I know he's 19 but the best players I managed—Franco Baresi, Paolo Maldini, Raul—all started really young. He has the talent but you have to wait. He has to improve every time. I hope he will play a lot of games for England. We will have found a solution for the player in front of the back four."

8. Mario Balotelli

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Why always him?
It’s simple really: he has the sheer talent to become one of the best players on the planet, but instead makes more headlines for his ridiculous antics both on and off the pitch.
Since his move from Inter to Manchester City, the enigmatic Italian striker has made headlines for everything from setting off fireworks inside his home to making a surprise appearance at his old club’s press conference as they were introducing their new manager.
It is that kind of behavior—along with his short temper on the pitch—that have led many to disregard Mario Balotelli’s chances of ever becoming a top player.
His first opportunity to prove his detractors wrong is less than a week away, when Italy begins its Euro 2012 campaign against defending champions Spain on June 10 in Gdansk.
Balotelli will be expected to lead the attack for an Italian side that needs someone to step up due to the absence of Giuseppe Rossi and the fitness concerns surrounding Antonio Cassano—who, in fairness, is coming off heart surgery.
Under Cesare Prandelli, the Azzurri are slowly making strides towards becoming a force on the world stage once again, and the Manchester City man will be at the heart of that project.
The 21-year-old combines incredible physical qualities with great skill and technique, making him dangerous whether the ball is played in the air or on the ground. Those talents helped Balotelli notch 13 goals in the Premier League this season in only 24 appearances.
If he can get his head sorted out (which is a big “if”) he has all of the skills necessary to be a world-class striker.

9. Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain

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Few people in world football have an eye for young talent like Arsene Wenger, and it seems that the Arsenal manager has found another star in teenager Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain.
Despite being signed from Southampton for £12 million, not many people expected the Portsmouth native to make an immediate impact in his first season with the Gunners.
While he wasn’t a regular for the entire season, he certainly made his presence felt at the Emirates, scoring four goals in 26 appearances in all competitions (via ESPN)and putting in some very impressive displays for his new club.
Expected to feature exclusively on the wing due to his searing pace and willingness to beat defenders in one-on-one situations, Oxlade-Chamberlain surprised many with his ability to play more of a central role—a quality that was on full display during Arsenal’s Champions League encounter with AC Milan at the Emirates.
That performance—on the biggest stage of his career—pushed his rise up the football ladder into high gear. It also showed the versatility that the 5’11” midfielder possesses, a trait that will serve him well as his career continues.
Now having traded in the red and white of Arsenal for the red and white of England, the 18-year-old will hope to conclude his season with a good performance in Poland and Ukraine.
The tournament will cap off what Oxlade-Chamberlain describes as a “whirlwind” last 12 months:
“I can remember playing for Southampton last year at Dagenham on a cold Tuesday night. I'm grateful for those experiences because, when you come from that and working hard in those environments, it makes you strive to come and play at places like this and play for your country. It has been a mad 12 months and I've enjoyed every minute of it and it has gone so quickly.”
Fans of the both the Three Lions and the Gunners will both be hoping he continues to enjoy every minute of the action, and continues to develop at a pace that will put him among the best in the world in the years to come.

10. Mamadou Sakho

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If you have been following the career of Mamadou Sakho, you may feel like he has been around forever. That’s because he has.
The Paris Saint-Germain center-back began his career in the French club’s youth system back in 2002, before making the jump to the senior squad five years later at the tender age of 17.
While most players are slowly brought along and given time to get accustomed to their new setting, the Frenchman of Senegalese descent was thrust right into the action, making his debut for the club one day after his 17th birthday.
Did I mention he was the captain for that match? With this, he became the youngest captain in Ligue 1 history.
Now 22 years old, the French international has developed into a powerful defender, lauded for his leadership qualities and positive attitude, as well as his strong tackling and capability in the air. At 6’2” and boasting a strong ability to read the play, Sakho isn’t beaten to very many crosses.
He will be turning 30 once the calendar reaches 2020, but I expect that to be a positive, as I see Sakho being one of the more established defenders in the world at that time.
A disappointing conclusion to the Ligue 1 season will see Sakho miss out on the European Championship, as he was often overlooked by new manager Carlo Ancelotti, and thus was not chosen to represent France at the tournament by national team boss Laurent Blanc.
Regardless, in the final weeks of the season, the Frenchman was still very positive about his situation, one of the traits that will allow him to recover should he ever struggle (and he will, just as all players do) in the future.
“Okay, I continue to work hard to try to get playing time. I always give my best. When the coach makes choices and takes decisions, we must respect them,” he told L’Equipe. “I arrive in the morning with a smile. I give myself fully on the ground. This is essential.”
Despite being older than both Manchester United’s Phil Jones and Real Madrid’s Raphael Varane, I believe Sakho will still be the best player of the bunch once the calendar reaches 2020. By that point, expect him to be well-established as the best central defender in the game, and a constant for Les Bleus.
Former Italy captain Fabio Cannavaro won FIFA's World Player of the Year and Ballon d'Or awards following his impervious play during the 2006 World Cup when he was 32 years old. So there is no doubting that defenders (especially center-backs) have the ability to perform at a high-level for many years.
From Alessandro Nesta to Carles Puyol, fans have been treated to a large number of masterful defensive displays in recent years from players who are supposed to be on the decline.
I believe the same could apply to Sakho, who received praise earlier this year from Manchester City boss Roberto Mancini.
Teams are taking notice of the imposing defender, and whether his career continues at PSG or he moves on to another challenge, I fully expect him to be a star performer in the years to come.


Saturday, 14 July 2012

dog is good pet.


Dog (disambiguation).

The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris),[2][3] is a subspecies of the gray wolf (Canis lupus), a member of the Canidae family of the mammilian order Carnivora. The term "domestic dog" is generally used for both domesticated and feral varieties. The dog may have been the first animal to be domesticated, and has been the most widely kept working, hunting, and companion animal in human history. The word "dog" may also mean the male of a canine species,[4] as opposed to the word "bitch" for the female of the species.
The present lineage of dogs was domesticated from gray wolves about 15,000 years ago.[5] Though remains of domesticated dogs have been found in Siberia and Belgium from about 33,000 years ago, none of those lineages seem to have survived the Last Glacial Maximum. Although mDNA testing suggests a split between dogs and wolves around 100,000 years ago, no specimens prior to 33,000 years ago are clearly morphologically domesticated dog.[6][7][8]
Dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures. Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship, and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This impact on human society has given them the nickname "Man's Best Friend" in the Western world. In some cultures, dogs are also source of meat.[9][10] In 2001, there were estimated to be 400 million dogs in the world.[11]
Most breeds of dogs are at most a few hundred years old, having been artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors by people for specific functional roles. Through this selective breeding, the dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds, and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal.[12] For example, height measured to the withers ranges from 6 inches (150 mm) in theChihuahua to about 2.5 feet (0.76 m) in the Irish Wolfhound; color varies from white through grays (usually called "blue") to black, and browns from light (tan) to dark ("red" or "chocolate") in a wide variation of patterns; coats can be short or long, coarse-haired to wool-like, straight, curly, or smooth.[13] It is common for most breeds to shed this coat.

Etymology and related terminology

"Dog" is the common use term that refers to members of the subspecies Canis lupus familiaris (canis, "dog"; lupus, "wolf"; familiaris, "of a household" or "domestic"). The term can also be used to refer to a wider range of related species, such as the members of the genus Canis, or "true dogs", including the wolf, coyote, and jackals, or it can refer to the members of the tribe Canini, which would also include the African wild dog, or it can be used to refer to any member of the family Canidae, which would also include the foxes, bush dog, raccoon dog, and others.[14] Some members of the family have "dog" in their common names, such as the raccoon dog and the African wild dog. A few animals have "dog" in their common names but are not canids, such as theprairie dog.
The English word "dog" comes from Middle English dogge, from Old English docga, a "powerful dog breed".[15] The term may derive from Proto-Germanic *dukkƍn, represented in Old Englishfinger-docce ("finger-muscle").[16] The word also shows the familiar petname diminutive -ga also seen in frogga "frog", picga "pig", stagga "stag", wicga "beetle, worm", among others.[17] Due to the archaic structure of the word, the term dog may ultimately derive from the earliest layer of Proto-Indo-European vocabulary, reflecting the role of the dog as the earliest domesticated animal.[18]
In 14th-century England, "hound" (from Old English: hund) was the general word for all domestic canines, and "dog" referred to a subtype of hound, a group including the mastiff. It is believed this "dog" type of "hound" was so common, it eventually became the prototype of the category “hound”.[19] By the 16th century, dog had become the general word, and hound had begun to refer only to types used for hunting.[20] Hound, cognate to German Hund, Dutch hond, common Scandinavian hund, and Icelandic hundur, is ultimately derived from the Proto-Indo-European *kwon- "dog", found in Welsh ci (plural cwn), Latin canis, Greek kĂœĆn, and Lithuanian ĆĄuĂ”.[21]
In breeding circles, a male canine is referred to as a dog, while a female is called a bitch (Middle English bicche, from Old English bicce, ultimately from Old Norse bikkja). A group of offspring is a litter. The father of a litter is called the sire, and the mother is called the dam. Offspring are, in general, called pups or puppies, from French poupĂ©e, until they are about a year old. The process of birth is whelping, from the Old English word hwelp (cf. German Welpe, Dutch welp, Swedish valpa, Icelandic hvelpur).[22]

Taxonomy

In 1753, the father of modern biological taxonomy, Carl Linnaeus, listed among the types of quadrupeds familiar to him, the Latin word for dog, canis. Among the species within this genus, Linnaeus listed the fox, as Canis vulpes, wolves (Canis lupus), and the domestic dog, (Canis canis; see File:Linnaeus - Regnum Animale (1735).png).
In later editions, Linnaeus dropped Canis canis and greatly expanded his list of the Canis genus of quadrupeds, and by 1758 included alongside the foxes, wolves, and jackels and many more terms that are now listed as synonyms for domestic dog, including aegyptius (hairless dog), aquaticus, (water dog), and mustelinus (literally “badger dog)”. Among these were two that later experts have been widely used for domestic dogs as a species: Canis domesticus and, most predominantly, Canis familiaris, the “common” or “familiar” dog.[23]
The domestic dog was accepted as a species in its own right until overwhelming evidence from behavior, vocalizations, morphology, and molecular biology led to the contemporary scientific understanding that a single species, the gray wolf, is the common ancestor for all breeds of domestic dogs.[24][25][26] In recognition of this fact, the domestic dog was reclassified in 1993 as Canis lupus familiaris, a subspecies of the gray wolf Canis lupus, by the Smithsonian Institution and the American Society of Mammalogists. C. l. familiaris is listed as the name for the taxon that is broadly used in the scientific community and recommended by ITIS, although Canis familiaris is a recognised synonym.[27]
Since that time, C. domesticus and all taxa referring to domestic dogs or subspecies of dog listed by Linnaeus, Johann Friedrich Gmelin in 1792, and Christian Smith in 1839, lost their subspecies status and have been listed as taxonomic synonyms for Canis lupus familiaris [28]
Ancient Greek rhyton in the shape of a dog's head, made by Brygos, early 5th century BC. JĂ©rĂŽme Carcopino Museum, Department of Archaeology, Aleria
Domestic dogs inherited complex behaviors from their wolf ancestors, which would have been pack hunters with complex body language. These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations, and these attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful species on the planet today.[24]
Although experts largely disagree over the details of dog domestication, it is agreed that human interaction played a significant role in shaping the subspecies.[29] Domestication may have occurred initially in separate areas particularly Siberia and Europe. Currently it is thought domestication of our current lineage of dog occurred sometime as early as 15,000 years ago and arguably as late as 8500 years ago. Shortly after the latest domestication, dogs became ubiquitous in human populations, and spread throughout the world.
Emigrants from Siberia likely crossed the Bering Strait with dogs in their company, and some experts[who?] suggest the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered North America roughly 12,000 years ago,[citation needed] although the earliest archaeological evidence of dog-like canids in North America dates from about 9,000 years ago.[30] Dogs were an important part of life for the Athabascan population in North America, and were their only domesticated animal. Dogs also carried much of the load in the migration of the Apache and Navajotribes 1,400 years ago. Use of dogs as pack animals in these cultures often persisted after the introduction of the horse to North America.[31][page needed]
The current consensus among biologists and archaeologists is that the dating of first domestication is indeterminate,[29][31] although more recent evidence shows isolated domestication events as early as 33,000 years ago.[32][33] There is conclusive evidence the present lineage of dogs genetically diverged from their wolf ancestors at least 15,000 years ago,[5][34][35] but some believe domestication to have occurred earlier.[29] Evidence is accruing that there were previous domestication events, but that those lineages died out.[7]
It is not known whether humans domesticated the wolf as such to initiate dog's divergence from its ancestors, or whether dog's evolutionary path had already taken a different course prior to domestication. For example, it is hypothesized that some wolves gathered around the campsites of paleolithic camps to scavenge refuse, and associated evolutionary pressure developed that favored those who were less frightened by, and keener in approaching, humans.
Tesem, an old Egyptian sighthound-like dog.
The bulk of the scientific evidence for the evolution of the domestic dog stems from morphological studies of archaeological findings and mitochondrial DNA studies. The divergence date of roughly 15,000 years ago is based in part on archaeological evidence that demonstrates the domestication of dogs occurred more than 15,000 years ago,[24][31] and some genetic evidence indicates the domestication of dogs from their wolf ancestors began in the lateUpper Paleolithic close to the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary, between 17,000 and 14,000 years ago.[36] But there is a wide range of other, contradictory findings that make this issue controversial.[citation needed] There are findings beginning currently at 33,000 years ago distinctly placing them as domesticated dogs evidenced not only by shortening of the muzzle but widening as well as crowding of teeth.
Archaeological evidence suggests the latest dogs could have diverged from wolves was roughly 15,000 years ago, although it is possible they diverged much earlier.[24] In 2008, a team of international scientists released findings from an excavation at Goyet Cave in Belgium declaring a large, toothy canine existed 31,700 years ago and ate a diet of horse, musk ox and reindeer.[37]
Prior to this Belgian discovery, the earliest dog fossils were two large skulls from Russia and a mandible from Germany dated from roughly 14,000 years ago.[5][24] Remains of smaller dogs from Natufian cave deposits in the Middle East, including the earliest burial of a human being with a domestic dog, have been dated to around 10,000 to 12,000 years ago.[5][38] There is a great deal of archaeological evidence for dogs throughout Europe and Asia around this period and through the next two thousand years (roughly 8,000 to 10,000 years ago), with fossils uncovered in Germany, the French Alps, and Iraq, and cave paintings in Turkey.[24]The oldest remains of a domesticated dog in the Americas were found in Texas and have been dated to about 9,400 years ago.[39]

DNA studies

DNA studies have provided a wide range of possible divergence dates, from 15,000 to 40,000 years ago,[5] to as much as 100,000 to 140,000 years ago.[40] These results depend on a number of assumptions.[24] Genetic studies are based on comparisons of genetic diversity between species, and depend on a calibration date. Some estimates of divergence dates from DNA evidence use an estimated wolf-coyote divergence date of roughly 700,000 years ago as a calibration.[41] If this estimate is incorrect, and the actual wolf-coyote divergence is closer to one or two million years ago, or more,[42] then the DNA evidence that supports specific dog-wolf divergence dates would be interpreted very differently.
Furthermore, it is believed the genetic diversity of wolves has been in decline for the last 200 years, and that the genetic diversity of dogs has been reduced by selective breeding. This could significantly bias DNA analyses to support an earlier divergence date. The genetic evidence for the domestication event occurring in East Asia is also subject to violations of assumptions. These conclusions are based on the location of maximal genetic divergence, and assume hybridization does not occur, and that breeds remain geographically localized. Although these assumptions hold for many species, there is good reason to believe that they do not hold for canines.[24]
Genetic analyses indicate all dogs are likely descended from a handful of domestication events with a small number of founding females,[24][36] although there is evidence domesticated dogsinterbred with local populations of wild wolves on several occasions.[5] Data suggest dogs first diverged from wolves in East Asia, and these domesticated dogs then quickly migrated throughout the world, reaching the North American continent around 8000 BC.[5] The oldest groups of dogs, which show the greatest genetic variability and are the most similar to their wolf ancestors, are primarily Asian and African breeds, including the Basenji, Lhasa Apso, and Siberian Husky.[43] Some breeds thought to be very old, such as the Pharaoh Hound, Ibizan Hound, and Norwegian Elkhound, are now known to have been created more recently.[43]
A great deal of controversy surrounds the evolutionary framework for the domestication of dogs.[24] Although it is widely claimed that "man domesticated the wolf,"[44] man may not have taken such a proactive role in the process.[24] The nature of the interaction between man and wolf that led to domestication is unknown and controversial. At least three early species of the Homo genus began spreading out of Africa roughly 400,000 years ago, and thus lived for a considerable time in contact with canine species.[24]
Despite this, there is no evidence of any adaptation of canine species to the presence of the close relatives of modern man. If dogs were domesticated, as believed, roughly 15,000 years ago, the event (or events) would have coincided with a large expansion in human territory and the development of agriculture. This has led some biologists to suggest one of the forces that led to the domestication of dogs was a shift in human lifestyle in the form of established human settlements. Permanent settlements would have coincided with a greater amount of disposable food and would have created a barrier between wild and anthropogenic canine populations.[24]

Work

Dogs have lived and worked with humans in so many roles that they have earned the unique nickname, "man's best friend",[60] a phrase used in other languages as well. They have been bred for herding livestock,[61] hunting (e.g. pointers and hounds),[62] rodent control,[3] guarding, helping fishermen with nets, detection dogs, and pulling loads, in addition to their roles as companions.[3]
Book of the Hunt, Gaston III, Count of Foix, 1387–88.
Service dogs such as guide dogs, utility dogs, assistance dogs, hearing dogs, and psychological therapy dogs provide assistance to individuals with physical or mental disabilities.[63][64] Some dogs owned by epileptics have been shown to alert their handler when the handler shows signs of an impending seizure, sometimes well in advance of onset, allowing the owner to seek safety, medication, or medical care.[65]
good bye...

Health risks to humans

It is estimated that two percent of the US population, 4.7 million people, are bitten each year.[75] In the 1980s and 1990s the US averaged 17 fatalities per year, while in the 2000s this has increased to 26.[76] 77% of dog bites are from the pet of family or friends, and 50% of attacks occur on the dog owner's property.[76]
A Colorado study found bites in children were less severe than bites in adults.[77] The incidence of dog bites in the U.S. is 12.9 per 10,000 inhabitants, but for boys aged 5 to 9, the incidence rate is 60.7 per 10,000. Moreover, children have a much higher chance to be bitten in the face or neck.[78] Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections.[79]
In the UK between 2003 and 2004, there were 5,868 dog attacks on humans, resulting in 5,770 working days lost in sick leave.[80]
In the United States, cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year.[81] It has been estimated around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in UK hospitals are domestic accidents. The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles.[82]
Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of Toxocara infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected.[83] In Great Britain, 24% of soil samples taken from public parks contained T. canis eggs.[84] Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision.[84] Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans.[85][86][87][88]

Health benefits for humans

Small dog laying between the hands
A human cuddles a Doberman puppy.
A growing body of research indicates the companionship of a dog can enhance human physical health and psychological wellbeing.[89] Dog and cat owners have been shown to have better mental and physical health than nonowners, making fewer visits to the doctor and being less likely to be on medication than nonowners.[90] In one study, new pet owners reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition, and this effect was sustained in dog owners through to the end of the study.[91]
In addition, dog owners took considerably more physical exercise than cat owners and people without pets. The group without pets exhibited no statistically significant changes in health or behaviour. The results provide evidence that pet acquisition may have positive effects on human health and behaviour, and that for dog owners these effects are relatively long term.[91] Pet ownership has also been associated with increased coronary artery disease survival, with dog owners being significantly less likely to die within one year of an acute myocardial infarction than those who did not own dogs.[92]
Gunnar Kaasen and Balto, the lead dog on the last relay team of the 1925 serum run to Nome.
The health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs, not just from dog ownership. For example, when in the presence of a pet dog, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral, and psychological indicators of anxiety.[93] Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms, which, according to the hygiene hypothesis, can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases. The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs are able to not only provide companionship and social support themselves, but also to act as facilitators of social interactions between humans.[94] One study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when they are accompanied by a dog than when they are not.[95]
The practice of using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century, when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders.[96] Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase a person with Alzheimer’s disease’s social behaviours, such as smiling and laughing.[97] One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance, increased knowledge and skill objectives, and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared to those who were not in an animal-assisted program.[98]

Shelters

Every year, between 6 and 8 million dogs and cats enter US animal shelters.[99] The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) estimates that approximately 3 to 4 million dogs and cats are euthanized yearly in shelters across the United States.[100] However, the percentage of dogs in US animal shelters that are eventually adopted and removed from the shelters by their new owners has increased since the mid 1990s from around 25% up to around 60–75% in the mid first decade of the 21st century.[101]
Pets entering the shelters are euthanized in countries all over the world because of the lack of financial provisions to take care of these animals. Most shelters complain of not having enough resources to feed the pets and by being constrained to kill them, as the likelihood for all of them to find an owner is very small. In poor countries, euthanasia is usually violent.